A step-wise procedure leads from the model purpose definition to a calibrated WWTP model. Some of the main model assumptions are highlighted, and their implications for practical model application are discussed. These models are mainly applicable to municipal wastewater systems, but can be adapted easily to specific situations such as the presence of industrial wastewater. This paper introduces the nowadays most frequently used white-box models for description of biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal activated sludge processes. The introduction of the ASM model family by the IWA task group was of great importance, providing researchers and practitioners with a standardised. White-box modelling is widely applied in this field, with learning, design and process optimisation as the main applications. This review paper focuses on modelling of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP).
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